More detail :

• • Species: Fluorocarbons F11, F12 .

    Sources: Industrial nations (Spray cans, air conditioning, ...) 90% Northern Hemisphere. Pretty well known annual amounts and global distribution.

    Sink: Mixing into the stratosphere.

    Aim of research: Long time (~50ys) large scale transport simulation, interhemispheric exchange, stratospheric exchange.

    Publications: Zimmermann, 1988.

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• • Species: Mineral dust.

    Sources: Dust storms over deserts.

    Sink: Gravitational settling.

    Aim of research: Dominant role of desert aerosol in the troposphere.

    Publications: Wefers, 1990, Wefers and Jaenicke, 1990.

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• • Species: ⁸⁵Krypton.

    Sources: Nuclear recycling plants, Northern Hemisphere. Pretty well known annual amounts and global distribution.

    Sink: Radioactive decay (halflife ~10y).

    Aim of research: Source receptor studies, interhemispheric exchange, longtime simulation, boundary layer parameterisation.

    Publications: Zimmermann et al., 1989.

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Species: ²²²Radon.

• • Sources: soils.

    Sink: Radioactive decay (halflife ~1.8d).

    Aim of research: Subgrid scale transport, cumulus convection.

    Publications: Feichter and Crutzen, 1990.

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Species: (in preparation).

• • Sources: clouds.

    Sink: (in preparation).

    Aim of research: Night time removal of ozone by NO₂ reaction on aerosol.

    Publications: Dentener and Crutzen, 1993.

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Species: Sulfate aerosol.

• • Sources: Industrial combustion processes.

    Sink: OH- oxidation.

    Aim of research: (in preparation).

    Publications: Zimmermann, 1988, Kanakidou et al., 1993.

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Species: Methylchloroform.

• • Sources: cf. 1.

    Sink: OH- oxidation (OH precalculated by 2D-model or by MOGUNTIA ozone chemistry simulation ), small ocean take up.

    Aim of research: Testing the oxidation capacity of the troposphere, resp. The validity of a calculated OH distribution, i.e. its global distribution and seasonality.

    Publications: Zimmermann, 1988; Kanakidou et al., 1993.

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Species: Tropospheric Ozone.

• • Sources: Stratosphere and photochemistry.

    Sink: Photochemistry (day time), NO₂ reaction (night time).

    Aim of research:

1. 1. Evaluation of the impact of natural and anthropogenic NO_x sources on the tropospheric ozone budget. Simulation of preindustrial and present day NO_x emission scenarios and corresponding ozone abundance in comparison to ancient and contemporary observations (Volz and Kley, 1988).
   2. Special project "Aircraft Pollutants": Simulation of the impact of aircraft released NO_x on tropospheric ozone.
   3. Source segregated investigation of tropospheric ozone over Europe: The impact of NOx sources outside Europe on the European ozone budget.

• •  Publications: Crutzen and Zimmermann, 1992; Zimmermann, 1997; Zimmermann, 1994.

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Species: Mineral aerosol (primary aerosol).

• • Sources: Wind-blown soils.

    Sink: Gravitational settling, dry deposition at surface, and wet scavenging.

    Aim of research: The role of mineral aerosol as a reactive surface in tropospheric air chemistry.

    Publications: Dentener et al., 1997.

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References

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